Difference between revisions of "Nominalization"

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===Nominalization===
===Nominalization===
The three nomanalizers are ‘é’, ‘á’ and ‘à’.


==== Introduction to Nominalization ====
==== Introduction to Nominalization ====
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==== Nominalizaing ‘é’ ====
==== Nominalizaing ‘é’ ====


Though ‘é’ has thus far been the most common nominalizer, Ejeba’s grammar points out that there are a variety of different nominalizers, all of which are vowels which are prefixed before the verb.  
Though ‘é’ has thus far been the most common nominalizer, Ejeba (2016)<ref name="ejeba">Ẹ̀jẹ̀bá, S. O. (2017). A grammar of Igala (Vol. 7). M & J Grand Orbit Communications.</ref> points out that there are a variety of different nominalizers, all of which are vowels which are prefixed before the verb.  
 
So far, the three nominalizers Yuzhou and David have looked at are ‘é’, ‘á’ and ‘à’


The first nominalizer ‘é’ seems to create a nominalized form resembling something of a verbal noun, or an infinitive in usage. When we have asked our language consultant how to say a verb (in isolation), they often try to include this ‘é’ with it. 
The first nominalizer ‘é’ creates a nominalized form resembling something of a verbal noun, or an infinitive in usage.  


'''(2)'''  
'''(2)'''  
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'''(3)'''
As in 2) ‘ɔ́mā é bí’, the object of the verb can be fronted before the nominalizer.  
 
{| {{table}}
| E̋ ||ka̋ ||dūfù
|-
| é||kà||dūfù
|-
| NMLZ||say||out
|-
| To say it out/Saying it out
|-
|
|}
 
'''(4)'''
 
{| {{table}}
| E̋ ||ma41
|-
| é||mà
|-
| NMLZ||know
|-
| ‘To know’
|-
|
|}
 
'''(5)'''
 
{| {{table}}
| O24tʃa̋lā ||ɹē||é ||mâ
|-
| O᷄tʃálā ||ɹō ||é ||mà
|-
| Ochala||begin||NMLZ||know
|-
| ‘Ochala started knowing’
|-
|
|}
 
As in 2) ‘ɔ́mā é bí’, we see that that the object of the verb can be fronted before the nominalizer.  


Though the ‘é’ is often dropped in fluent speech due to Igala resistance to hiatus, it can be perceived by the contour tones it leaves on the previous syllable (2), (5).
Though the ‘é’ is often dropped in fluent speech due to Igala resistance to hiatus, it can be perceived by the contour tones it leaves on the previous syllable (2).


==== Nominalizaing ‘á’  ====
==== Nominalizaing ‘á’  ====


The nominalizer ‘á’ is more like Ejeba says an ‘agent’ nominalizer, functioning similarly to the -er suffix in English.
The nominalizer ‘á’ is more like as Ejeba (2016)<ref name="ejeba">Ẹ̀jẹ̀bá, S. O. (2017). A grammar of Igala (Vol. 7). M & J Grand Orbit Communications.</ref>.  says an ‘agent’ nominalizer, functioning similarly to the -er suffix in English.


'''(6)'''
'''(3)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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|}


'''(7)'''
'''(4)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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|-
|-
| The bearer of children  
| The bearer of children  
|-
|
|}
'''(8)'''
{| {{table}}
| á ||mâ
|-
| á||mà
|-
| -er||know
|-
| One who knows
|-
|
|}
'''(9)'''
{| {{table}}
| Á ||m||ɛ̄ŋʷū
|-
| á||mà||ɛ́ŋʷū
|-
| -er||know||3SG.dat
|-
| ‘Someone who knows for him, someone who is considerate of that person, some who is mindful for them’
|-
|-
|  
|  
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These two nominalizers are phonologically interesting because it appears that they spread their tones forwards to the next TBU of the verb that it nominalizes.  
These two nominalizers are phonologically interesting because it appears that they spread their tones forwards to the next TBU of the verb that it nominalizes.  


When there is only one TBU (tone bearing unint) as in examples (4) and (8) with the verb ‘mà’ – ‘know’, this creates a contour tone, however if there are more TBUs, the high tone pushes the other tones as in (3), (6) (call out - kà dūfù.) and (9) where (ŋʷú Dat.) becomes a mid tone from tonal sandhi from mà’s underlying low tone
When there is only one TBU (tone bearing unit this creates a contour tone, however if there are more TBUs, the high tone pushes the other tones as in  becomes a mid tone from tonal sandhi from the underlying low tone.


Particularly in the case of the ‘á’ nominalizer it is imperative to recognize this tone spreading phenomenon because it is the only phonological way to distinguish this ‘á’ from the imperfective ‘á’ which does not spread.
Particularly in the case of the ‘á’ nominalizer it is imperative to recognize this tone spreading phenomenon because it is the only phonological way to distinguish this ‘á’ from the imperfective ‘á’ which does not spread.
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Compare  
Compare  


'''(10)'''
'''(5)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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'''(11)'''
'''(6)'''
   
   
{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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(here the low tone from ma is pushed on to the distil demonstrative lɛ́ creating a mid tone)
(Here the low tone from ma is pushed on to the distill demonstrative lɛ́ creating a mid tone)


Compare
Compare


'''(12)'''
'''(7a)'''
 
{| {{table}}
| O24tʃálā ||á ||kà ||dūfù
|-
| O᷄chálā||á||kà||dūfù
|-
| Ochala||IPFV||say||out
|-
| Ochala is saying/will say it out
|-
|
|}
 
'''(13a)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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|}
|}


'''(13b)'''
'''(7b)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}

Latest revision as of 13:21, 3 March 2022

Nominalization

The three nomanalizers are ‘é’, ‘á’ and ‘à’.

Introduction to Nominalization

Nominalizations appear to be a rather important element of Igala grammar. As seen in sentences like the following, a nominalized form must follow the particle tʃē (most often used as a copula or focus/emphasis marker).

(1)

Otʃa̋lā tʃē é mâ
O᷄tʃálā tʃē é mà
Ochala do NMLZ know
‘Ochala knew.’

Nominalizaing ‘é’

Though ‘é’ has thus far been the most common nominalizer, Ejeba (2016)[1] points out that there are a variety of different nominalizers, all of which are vowels which are prefixed before the verb.

The first nominalizer ‘é’ creates a nominalized form resembling something of a verbal noun, or an infinitive in usage.

(2)

Ɔ́mē é bí
ɔ́mā é bí
child NMLZ bear
To bear children

As in 2) ‘ɔ́mā é bí’, the object of the verb can be fronted before the nominalizer.

Though the ‘é’ is often dropped in fluent speech due to Igala resistance to hiatus, it can be perceived by the contour tones it leaves on the previous syllable (2).

Nominalizaing ‘á’

The nominalizer ‘á’ is more like as Ejeba (2016)[1]. says an ‘agent’ nominalizer, functioning similarly to the -er suffix in English.

(3)

A̋ ka̋ dūfù lɛ́
á kà dūfù lɛ́
-er say out DIST
The announcer

(4)

Á bí ɔ́mā
Á bí ɔ́mā
-er bear child
The bearer of children

Comparison between 'e' and 'a'

These two nominalizers are phonologically interesting because it appears that they spread their tones forwards to the next TBU of the verb that it nominalizes.

When there is only one TBU (tone bearing unit this creates a contour tone, however if there are more TBUs, the high tone pushes the other tones as in becomes a mid tone from tonal sandhi from the underlying low tone.

Particularly in the case of the ‘á’ nominalizer it is imperative to recognize this tone spreading phenomenon because it is the only phonological way to distinguish this ‘á’ from the imperfective ‘á’ which does not spread.

Compare

(5)

O24tʃa̋lā á mà
O᷄chálā á mà
Ochala IPFV know
‘Ochala will know’/Ochala is knowing

(6)

i̋mɔ̄tɔ́ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ̋ li̋ a̋ ma̋ lɛ́
ímɔ̄tɔ̄ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ́ lí á mà lɛ́
Child man DIST see -er know DET.DIST
‘The boy saw the one who knows.’

(Here the low tone from ma is pushed on to the distill demonstrative lɛ́ creating a mid tone)

Compare

(7a)

i̋mɔ̄tɔ́ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ̋ li̋ a̋ ka̋ dūfù lɛ́
Ímɔ̄tɔ́ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ́ lí á kà dūfù lɛ́
Child man DET see -er say out DET
The boy saw (*sees) the announcer

(7b)

i̋mɔ̄tɔ́ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ̋ mā ā kà dūfù lɛ́
Ímɔ̄tɔ́ ɔ́nɛ̄kɛ̀lɛ̄ lɛ́ mà á kà dūfù lɛ́
Child man DET know -er say out DET
The boy knows (*knew) the announcer
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ẹ̀jẹ̀bá, S. O. (2017). A grammar of Igala (Vol. 7). M & J Grand Orbit Communications.
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