Difference between revisions of "FV & mV"

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# it shows up only with transitive verbs;
# it shows up only with transitive verbs;
## it has a meaning similar to perfective;
# it has a meaning similar to perfective;
## it is incompatible with negation;
# it is incompatible with negation;
## it is incompatible with A′
# it is incompatible with A′ extraction of any kind (questions, relative clauses);
### extraction of any kind (questions, relative clauses);
# it is in complementary distribution with another marker, mV.
## it is in complementary distribution with another marker, mV.


==== Complete situation ====
==== Complete situation ====
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{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
| ù || f(i) || òdʒ(e) || àba̋tʃà || hì || (mɛ̄)
| ù ||f(i) ||òdʒ(e) ||àba̋tʃà ||hì ||(mɛ̄)
|-
|-
| 1SG || PERF1 || morsel || cassava || cook || (already)
| 1SG ||PERF ||morsel ||cassava ||cook ||(already)
|-
|-
| 'I have cooked mashed cassava.'
| 'I have cooked mashed cassava.'
|-
|-
| *I cooked mashed cassava just now.  
| *I cooked mashed cassava just now.
|-
|-
| *I cooked mashed cassava (habitual).
| *I cooked mashed cassava (habitual).
|-
|-
| *I am cooking mashed cassava.
| *I am cooking mashed cassava.  
|}
|}


Line 51: Line 50:
| ù || f(i) ||  òdʒ(e) || àba̋tʃà || '''hì'''
| ù || f(i) ||  òdʒ(e) || àba̋tʃà || '''hì'''
|-
|-
| 1SG||  PERF1 || morsel || cassava || '''cook'''  
| 1SG||  PERF || morsel || cassava || '''cook'''  
|-
|-
| 'I have cooked mashed cassava.'
| 'I have cooked mashed cassava.'
|}
'''(3a)'''
{| {{table}}
| ú ||  lʲ || ǒhìmìnì
|-
| 1SG || see || ocean
|-
| 'I saw the ocean'
|}
'''(3b)'''
{| {{table}}
| ù || f(i) || òhìmìnì || '''lí'''
|-
|  1SG || PERF1 ||  ocean || '''see'''
|-
| 'I have seen the ocean'
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| 'Ochala cut the meat.
| 'Ochala cut the meat.
|}
'''(5a)'''
{| {{table}}
| otʃala || a || d(u)|| ɔbɛ || k(ɔ)|| ela|| lɛ || da
|-
| Ochala || IPFV || take || knife || cut- || meat || DEF.DIST || -cut
|-
| 'Ochala will take the knife and cut the meat.'
|}
'''(5b)'''
{| {{table}}
| otʃala || na || d(u) || ɔbɛ || k(ɔ) || ela || lɛ || da
|-
| Ochala || PROG || take || knife || cut- || meat || DEF.DIST || -cut
|-
| 'Ochala was cutting the meat with a knife.'
|}
|}


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| ū || f(i) || ɔ̌nâ || lɛ̄ || kpɔ̀ || fɔ̄
| ū || f(i) || ɔ̌nâ || lɛ̄ || kpɔ̀ || fɔ̄
|-
|-
| 1SG || PERF1 || door || DEF.DIST || break- ||  -break
| 1SG || PERF || door || DEF.DIST || break- ||  -break
|-
|-
| 'I have broken the door.'
| 'I have broken the door.'
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| Ǒtʃálā || f(i) || ela || lɛ || kɔ || da
| Ǒtʃálā || f(i) || ela || lɛ || kɔ || da
|-
|-
| Ochala || PERF1 || meat || DEF.DIST || cut- || -cut
| Ochala || PERF || meat || DEF.DIST || cut- || -cut
|-
|-
| 'Ochala has cut the meat.'
| 'Ochala has cut the meat.'
Line 154: Line 112:
| *u || fu || gʷu
| *u || fu || gʷu
|-
|-
| 1SG || F1 || sit
| 1SG || PERF|| sit
|-
|-
| “I finished sitting”
| “I finished sitting”
|-
|}
===== Statives + fV =====
* It can only go with certain statives.
** “basic” statives cannot go with fu.
** ''li'' can go with fu.
** ''rida'' can go with mu.
'''(8)'''
{| {{table}}
| *u||fu ||gʷu.
|-
|  1SG|| PERF ||sit
|-
| “I finished sitting.”
|-
|}
'''(9)'''
{| {{table}}
|  *ū ||fu ||tʃane
|-
| 1SG ||PERF ||begin
|-
| “I had begun.”
|-
|}
'''(10)'''
{| {{table}}
| u ||f(u) ||otʃala ||li
|-
| 1SG||PERF ||Ochala||see
|-
| “I have seen Ochala”
|-
|-
|}
|}
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=== mV marker ===
=== mV marker ===


In complementary distribution with fV (under unknown conditions - might have something to do with unaccusative/unergative distinction and/or thematic roles).
In complementary distribution with fV.
 
'''(11)'''


'''(8)'''
{| {{table}}
| ákpá ||lɛ̄ ||m(u) ||rid(a) || èkpìkpà || mɛ̄.
|-
| Cloud || DEF.DIST ||completion.PERF ||change || nominalizer.red || now
|-
| “The sky has changed to red”.
|-
|}
 
'''(12)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
|  ù || m(u) || (*f(i)) || őgìgò || mī || dū || tíŋɔ̂
|  ù || m(u) || (*f(i)) || őgìgò || mī || dū || tíŋɔ̂
|-
|-
| 1SG || ? || (*PERF1) || glasses || my || take || lost
| 1SG || PERF || (*PERF) || glasses || my || take || lost
|-
|-
| I have lost my glasses.'
| I have lost my glasses.'
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 10:32, 10 March 2022

fV marker

  1. it shows up only with transitive verbs;
  2. it has a meaning similar to perfective;
  3. it is incompatible with negation;
  4. it is incompatible with A′ extraction of any kind (questions, relative clauses);
  5. it is in complementary distribution with another marker, mV.

Complete situation

The morpheme fV has a perfective meaning and is used to decribe complete situations. It cannot be used to describe ongoing or habitual situations.

(1)

ù f(i) òdʒ(e) àba̋tʃà hì (mɛ̄)
1SG PERF morsel cassava cook (already)
'I have cooked mashed cassava.'
*I cooked mashed cassava just now.
*I cooked mashed cassava (habitual).
*I am cooking mashed cassava.

Word order with fV

One of the most recognizable properties of fV is its influence on word order. The surface word order in Igala is SVO, including with the progressive and the imperfective markers. However, in the presence of fV, this is modified. This morpheme appears to surface in the usual verb slot, while the matrix verb appears sentence-finally.

(2a)

ù hʲ òdʒ(e) à↑ba̋tʃà
1SG cook morsel cassava
I cooked mashed cassava.'

(2b)

ù f(i) òdʒ(e) àba̋tʃà hì
1SG PERF morsel cassava cook
'I have cooked mashed cassava.'

About fV and the splitting verbs

When the verb is split, the first part of the verb is before the object and second part is after the object, including with the progressive and imperfective aspectual markers.

（4a)

ù kpɔ̄ (ɔ)nà lɛ́ fɔ̄
1SG break- door DEF.DIST -break
'I broke the door.'

(4b)

Ǒtʃálā k(ɔ) ēlā lɛ́ da
Ochala cut- meat DEF.DIST -cut
'Ochala cut the meat.

When f(i) is added to a sentence with a split verb, the word order seems to become SOV.

(6a)

ū f(i) ɔ̌nâ lɛ̄ kpɔ̀ fɔ̄
1SG PERF door DEF.DIST break- -break
'I have broken the door.'

(6b)

Ǒtʃálā f(i) ela lɛ kɔ da
Ochala PERF meat DEF.DIST cut- -cut
'Ochala has cut the meat.'

fV and Stative Verbs

Fu cannot join with most stative verbs.

(7)

*u fu gʷu
1SG PERF sit
“I finished sitting”
Statives + fV
  • It can only go with certain statives.
    • “basic” statives cannot go with fu.
    • li can go with fu.
    • rida can go with mu.

(8)

*u fu gʷu.
1SG PERF sit
“I finished sitting.”

(9)

*ū fu tʃane
1SG PERF begin
“I had begun.”

(10)

u f(u) otʃala li
1SG PERF Ochala see
“I have seen Ochala”

mV marker

In complementary distribution with fV.

(11)

ákpá lɛ̄ m(u) rid(a) èkpìkpà mɛ̄.
Cloud DEF.DIST completion.PERF change nominalizer.red now
“The sky has changed to red”.

(12)

ù m(u) (*f(i)) őgìgò mī dū tíŋɔ̂
1SG PERF (*PERF) glasses my take lost
I have lost my glasses.'
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