Difference between revisions of "Verbal Elements"

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= Cognate Objects =
== COs are true arguments of their predicate ==
This is shown by runing tests on the distinction between adjuncts and arguments. One
of these tests is the ’do so test’ It shows that in an example like (1), the noun ’dance’ is
an argument of the verb ’dance’ because ’do so’ functions as a proform for V’: “when do
so is used as a substitute, it must stand for the verb and all its arguments”, (Macfarland
1995:104).
# Examples
'''(1)'''
(1a)
{| {{table}}
| ū || t(a) || ídō || (u)jɔ̀ || ókō || úbī || mī || ǒchálà || ŋʷɔ̀ || tʃ(e) || ǎlɛ̄ || gɛ
|-
| 1SG || dance(V) || dance(N) || cheerful || farm || back || my || Ochala || and || do || so/same || again
|-
| 'I danced a cheerful dance in my garden and Ochala did so too.' || !! || !! || !! || !!  || !!  || !! || !!  || !!  || !! || !!  || !!
|-
|}
(1b)
{| {{table}}
| *u t(a) ído (u)jɔ oko ubi mi, Ochala ŋʷɔ tʃ(e) alɛ ɛdo dudu/ɛdo ɛkpabjɛ
|-
| 1SG dance(V) dance(N) cheerful farm back my Ochala and do so/same sad
|-
| Intended: I danced a cheerful dance in the garden and Ochala did so a sad dance.
|}
=tʃɛ/tʃe=
The morphemes ''tʃɛ'' and ''tʃe'' appear as verbal elements in Igala. ''tʃɛ'' adds the meaning that something has already been done to a sentence.
{| {{table}}
|ū
|gbɔ̋
|kàkīnī
|ɛ̀
|tʃɛ̀
|wā
|mɛ̂
|-
|1SG
|hear
|C
|2SG
|already
|come
|now
|-
|colspan="7"|‘I heard that you have already come' (D:225).
|}
The morpheme ''tʃe'' is a copular element translated as do/does.
{| {{table}}
|ido
|e
|ta
|tʃe
|ɛŋʷu
|ɔla
|mi
|-
|dance(N)
|NMLZ
|dance(V)
|do
|thing
|body
|1SG.OBJ
|-
|colspan="7"|‘Dancing is my favorite thing (to do)' (D:193).
|}
In certain cases ''tʃ(e)'' seems to note additional emphasis in a situation.
{| {{table}}
|i
|tʃe
|uwɛ
|dʒɛ
|ɔda
|lɛ
|i
|n
|:
|-
|3SG.NEG
|do.EMPH
|2SG.STR
|eat
|pear
|DEF.DIST
|EMPH
|NEG.SFP
|?
|-
|colspan="9"|‘Are you not the one who ate the pear?’(D:?).
|}
= fV/mv =
<!--some of danielle's claims contradict what we know about igala-->
The morphemes ''fi'' and ''fu'' in Igala "appears in sentences describing completed action" (Celone 2021).
{| {{table}}
|òná
|nǎ
|f(i)
|ɔ̀dʒ(ɛ)
|àbǎtʃà
|hì
|-
|tomorrow
|1SG.IPFV
|PERF1
|morsel
|cassava
|cook
|-
|colspan="6"|Tomorrow, I will have cooked o.a
|}
Celone (2021) notes that fV cannot be used to describe events that are ongoing, or that occur habitually.
{| {{table}}
|u
|fi
|ɔdʒɛ
|ɔabatʃa
|hi
|-
|I
|PERF1
|morsel
|cassava
|cook
|-
|colspan="5"|Tomorrow, I will have cooked o.a
|}
One of the most recognizable properties of fV is its influence on word order. By default, Igala has SVO word order (Celone 2021). However, in the presence of fV, this is modified. This morpheme appears to surface in the usual verb slot, while the matrix verb appears sentence-finally.
Example sentence with SVO word order.
{| {{table}}
|ú
|lí
|òhìmìnì
|-
|1SG
|see
|ocean
|-
|colspan="3"|I have seen the ocean.
|}
Example sentence wit fi which shifts the word order.
{| {{table}}
|ú
|f(u)
|òhìmìnì
|lí
|-
|1SG
|PERF1
|ocean
|see
|-
|colspan="4"|I have seen the ocean.
|}

Latest revision as of 11:34, 28 February 2022

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