Difference between revisions of "Tone"

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="5"| T2 (Initial syllable of Word 2)
!
!colspan="4"| T2 (Initial syllable of Word 2)
|-
|-
!rowspan="6"| T1
(Final syllable of Word 1)
|    || '''H''' || '''L''' || '''LH'''
|    || '''H''' || '''L''' || '''LH'''
|-
|-
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|}


<!-- I need to add T1 to the left side -->


'''Examples:'''
'''Examples:'''


''(1)''
'''(1)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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'Note that here “ꜜ” refers to downstep of the succeeding syllable.'  
'Note that here “ꜜ” refers to downstep of the succeeding syllable.'  


''(2)''
'''(2)'''


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{| {{table}}
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''(3)''
'''(3)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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'''Examples:'''
'''Examples:'''


''(1)''
'''(1)'''


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''(2)''
'''(2)'''


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''(3)''
'''(3)'''


{| {{table}}
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== Negation ==
== Negation ==


(11)
'''(13)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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(12)
'''(14)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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[Normal Word Order]
[Normal Word Order]


(13)
'''(15)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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(12)
'''(16)'''


{| {{table}}
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(13)
'''(17)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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| Úgwʷúnú||dú||tʃē||ɔ̀dūmû||ì||nɛ̄
| Úgwʷúnú||dú||tʃē||ɔ̀dūmû||ì||nɛ̄
|-
|-
| vulture||||every||be||sweet.potato||3SG||have
| vulture||every||be||sweet.potato||3SG||have
|-
|-
| ‘It was sweet potato that every vulture has/had.’
| ‘It was sweet potato that every vulture has/had.’
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|}
|}


(14)
'''(18)'''


{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
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== Positive Marker ==
== Positive Marker ==
(19) ɔ̋dūmú and (20) ɔ̀dūmú: positive marker
'''(19)'''
{| {{table}}
| a̋kpi̋tì ||tʃ ||ɔ̀dūmú ||ì ||nɛ̄
|-
| ákpítì||tʃē||ɔ̀dūmû||ì||nɛ̄
|-
| Ant ||be||star.apple||3SG||have
|-
| ‘It was star apple that ant had.’
|-
|
|}
'''(20)'''
{| {{table}}
| a̋kpi̋tiː14 tʃ ||ɔ̀dūmú ||ì ||nɛ̄ ||ń
|-
| ákpítì||tʃē||ɔ̀dūmû||ì||nɛ̄||n̋
|-
| Ant ||be||star.apple||3SG||have||NEG
|-
| ‘It was not start apple that ant had.’
|-
|
|}
'''(21)'''
{| {{table}}
| a̋kpi̋tì ||tʃ ||ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ||ì ||nɛ̄
|-
| ákpítì||tʃē||ɛ́hʲâ||ì||nɛ̄
|-
| Ant ||be||sweet.potato||3SG||have
|-
| ‘It was sweet potato that ant had.’
|-
|
|}
'''(22)'''
{| {{table}}
| a̋kpi̋tiː14 tʃ ||ɛ̄hʲa᷆||ì ||nɛ̄ ||ń
|-
| ákpítì||tʃē||ɛ́hʲâ||ì||nɛ̄||n̋
|-
| Ant ||be||sweet.potato||3SG||have||NEG
|-
| ‘It was not sweet potato that ant had.’
|-
|
|}
(16) a̋kpi̋tì and (14) u5gʷu5nu5: negation morpheme seems to attach to the end of the first word and spread rightward
(13) ɔ̋dūmú: positive marker. (15) ɔ̀dūmú and (17) ɛ̄hʲa᷆ː absence of positive marker. The positive marker seems to be available only when the preceding syllable is H and the current syllable is L in the lexical entry.


== Perfective Marker ==
== Perfective Marker ==
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'''(??)'''
'''(??)'''


(Copy to clipboard)
{| {{table}}
{| {{table}}
| a̋kpi̋tì  || dú  || tʃ  || ɛ̄hʲa᷆  ||  || ì  || nɛ̄
| a̋kpi̋tì  || dú  || tʃ  || ɛ̄hʲa᷆  ||  || ì  || nɛ̄

Latest revision as of 14:24, 3 March 2022

Tones in Ígálâ

Seven types of tones, among which five are lexical, are recognized in the language as illustrated in Table 1.1 (Èjèbá 49). Note that a “downstepped high” refers to the lowering of a syllable that is usually high-toned.

Table 1.1 Tones of Ígálâ

Tone Example Meaning Comment
Extra high (EH) (w)ɔ̋làdʒa̋ Greeting for someone returning from market Grammatical: “on subject clitics to mark sentential negation” (Èjèbá 49)
High (H) ɔ́dʒɔ́ day Lexical
Downstepped high (HS) ɔ́gbá ꜜúgúnú in front of vulture Grammatical, at high tone juncture of word boundaries.
Mid (M) ɔ̀tákídā book Lexical
Low (L) ɔ̀bàlà cat Lexical
Rising (LH) ǒkâ one Lexical, contour
Falling (HL) ígálâ Ígálâ Lexical, contour

Tonal interactions at hiatus

Noun-noun boundary (Ejeba)

Table 2.1 Chart showing tone modification in Noun + Noun Structures (Èjèbá 71).

T2 (Initial syllable of Word 2)
T1

(Final syllable of Word 1)

  H L LH
H HS/H H H
M M ML MH
L M L LH
LH LH LH -
HL HM/M H H


Examples:

(1)

Hiatus of H and H
ɔ́gbá ꜜúgʷúnú
ɔ́gbá úgʷúnú
front vulture
‘in front of vulture.’

'Note that here “ꜜ” refers to downstep of the succeeding syllable.'

(2)

Hiatus of H and L
ɔ̋gb(a) a̋ːbùtá
ɔ́gbá àbùtá
front lizard
‘in front of lizard’

(3)

Hiatus of L and H
ùbì ākótō
ùbì ákótō
back rabbit
‘behind rabbit’

2.2 Verb-noun boundary (Ejeba)

Table 2.2 Chart showing tone modification in Verb + Noun Structures (Èjèbá 71)

    T2 (Initial syllable of Word 2) T2 T2
  (H) (L) (LH)
T1 (Final syllable of Word 1 (H) H H H
T1 (M) M L LH
T1 (L) M L LH
T1 (LH) LH LH LH
T1 (HL) HM/M H H


Examples:

(1)

Hiatus of H and H
ù n(ɛ) ꜜúgʷúnú
ù nɛ́ úgʷúnú
I have vulture
‘I have (a) vulture(s).’

(2)

Hiatus of M and L
ù kp(a) òdùdɛ̀
ù kpā òdùdɛ̀.
I kill bat
‘I kill (a) bat(s).’

(3)

Hiatus of L and H
ù f(a) ōkʷūnɔ̄
ù fà ókūnɔ̄
I pull cow
‘I pull (a) cow(s).’

Beyond hiatusː words with different surface tones

Tonal changes of words involving contour

The falling contour in a word can be lowered when the syllable on its left has a lower tone due to hiatus.

ɛ́hʲâ -> ɛ̄hʲa᷆ in sentence. In (7), the tone of ɛ is M according to hiatus of M and H. As a result of the lower tone, the contour on the second syllable of ɛhʲa changes from a HL to ML.

(7)

àbùta̋ tʃ ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ì nɛ̄
àbùtá tʃē ɛ́hʲâ ì nɛ̄
lizard be star.apple it have
‘It was star apple that lizard had.’

(8)

ɛ̋hʲa41 ì nɛ̄ í
ɛ́hʲâ ì nɛ̄ í
Star.apple he have EMPH
‘It’s star apple that he has.’

Similarly: ɔ́jâ  ɔ̄ja᷆ in sentence; éːdʒô  ēːdʒo᷆ in sentence.

(9)

àm(a) ēːdʒo᷆
àmā éːdʒô
PL snake
‘snakes’

(10)

ēːdʒòː lɛ́ / éːdʒóː lɛ̀
éːdʒô lɛ́ / éːdʒô lɛ́
snake DET snake DET
‘the snake’

Unknown reason

ɔ̀dūmû -> ɔ̀dūmú in sentence.

(11)

ꜛɔ̀ꜛdūmu41 ì nɛ̄ (í)
ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄ í
Sweet.potato she have EMPH
‘He has sweet potato.’

(12)

ìpèrû tʃ ɔ̀dūmú ì nɛ̄
ìpèrû tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄
Peru be sweet.potato it have
‘Peru has sweet potatoes (as a resource).’

Tonal phenomena motivated by morphology/syntax

Negation

(13)

Àbùta̋ tʃ ɔ̋dūmú kʷó(/kʷú)- bì
Àbùtá tʃē ɔ̀dūmû kʷô ùbì
Lizard be sweet.potato from back
‘A lizard was a sweet potato before.’

(14)

Àbùta5 tʃ ɔ̀dūmú kʷó(/kʷú)- bì ń
Àbùtá tʃē ɔ̀dūmû kʷô ùbì n̋
Lizard be sweet.potato from back NEG
‘A lizard was not a sweet potato before.’

[Normal Word Order]

(15)

Àbùta̋ tʃ ɔ̋dūmú ì tʃē kʷó(/kʷú)- bì
Àbùtá tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì tʃē kʷô ùbì
Lizard be sweet.potato 3SG be from back
‘A lizard was a sweet potato before.’

(16)

Àbùta5 tʃ ɔ̀dūmú ì tʃē kʷó- bì ń
Àbùtá tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì tʃē kʷô ùbì n̋
Lizard be sweet.potato 3SG be from back NEG
‘A lizard was not a sweet potato before.
[Topic + focus + main clause]

(17)

Űgʷűnű dű tʃ ɔ̋dūmú ì nɛ̄
Úgwʷúnú dú tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄
vulture every be sweet.potato 3SG have
‘It was sweet potato that every vulture has/had.’

(18)

U5gʷu5nu5 du5 tʃ ɔ̀dūmú ì nɛ̄ ń
Úgwʷúnú dú tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄ n̋
vulture every be sweet.potato 3SG have NEG
‘It was not sweer potato that every vulture has/had.’

(13) űgʷűnű and (14) u5gʷu5nu5: negation morpheme seems to attach to the end of the first word and spread rightward. The word ugʷunu is further raised than a normal sentence-initial word (refer to Section 5.2). Superscript 5 here denotes that the tone is intentionally higher than a Super High tone. According to our consultant, a perceptibly higher tone will convince the listener that negation is coming up.

Positive Marker

(19) ɔ̋dūmú and (20) ɔ̀dūmú: positive marker

(19)

a̋kpi̋tì tʃ ɔ̀dūmú ì nɛ̄
ákpítì tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄
Ant be star.apple 3SG have
‘It was star apple that ant had.’

(20)

a̋kpi̋tiː14 tʃ ɔ̀dūmú ì nɛ̄ ń
ákpítì tʃē ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄ n̋
Ant be star.apple 3SG have NEG
‘It was not start apple that ant had.’

(21)

a̋kpi̋tì tʃ ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ì nɛ̄
ákpítì tʃē ɛ́hʲâ ì nɛ̄
Ant be sweet.potato 3SG have
‘It was sweet potato that ant had.’

(22)

a̋kpi̋tiː14 tʃ ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ì nɛ̄ ń
ákpítì tʃē ɛ́hʲâ ì nɛ̄ n̋
Ant be sweet.potato 3SG have NEG
‘It was not sweet potato that ant had.’

(16) a̋kpi̋tì and (14) u5gʷu5nu5: negation morpheme seems to attach to the end of the first word and spread rightward (13) ɔ̋dūmú: positive marker. (15) ɔ̀dūmú and (17) ɛ̄hʲa᷆ː absence of positive marker. The positive marker seems to be available only when the preceding syllable is H and the current syllable is L in the lexical entry.

Perfective Marker

Sentential tone and intonation

Downdrift

Downdrift is the cumulative lowering of pitch towards the end of the sentence. Sentences in Igala exhibit such a tonal profile in general.

Figure 5.1 Display of pitch contour with Praat

caption

In the sentence shown in Figure 5.1, we see three intonation phrases with pause in between. In each section there is at least one syllable with a H tone. Across the three sections, the pitch value of the H tone decreases in the course of the sentence. The values are 304 Hz, 224 Hz and 179 Hz respectively.

Raise of first word before the first H

The first word of a sentence is usually raised in its pitch, but this applies to syllables up to and including the first H only.

(??)

(Same sentence as Figure 5.1)

ꜛùgődʒù ālū k ɔ̀dà lɛ́ tʃē kì lèɲɔ̀ f ú mú
ùgódʒù álū ki ɔ̀dà lɛ́ tʃē kì lèɲɔ̀ fi ú mú
surprise how C pear DET do C lose PERF1 3SG catch
‘He was surprised by how the pear got missing.’

(??)

ꜛɔ̀ꜛdūmu41 ì nɛ̄ (í)
ɔ̀dūmû ì nɛ̄ í
Sweet.potato she have EMPH
‘It’s sweet potato that she has.’

(??)

ꜛì nɛ̋dʒű kàkíní ákpíti14 tʃ ɛ̄hʲà kʷóbì ń
ì nɛ́dʒú kàkíní ákpítì tʃē ɛ́hʲâ kʷóbì ń
he think C ant be star.apple before NEG
‘He thinks that ant wasn’t star apple before.’


(??)

a̋kpi̋tì dú tʃ ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ì nɛ̄
ákpítì dú tʃē ɛ́hʲà ì nɛ̄
ant eevry do star.apple it have
‘Every ant has a star apple.’

Height of continuous tones

Downdrift does not apply to consecutive H. On the other hand, for H tones that are not adjacent, the pitch of the H on the right is likely lower than the one on the left.

Compare dú in (??) a̋kpi̋tì dú and (??) űgʷűnű dű.

űgʷűnű dű tʃ ɛ̄hʲa᷆ ì nɛ̄
úgúnú dú tʃē ɛ́hʲà ì nɛ̄
vulture every do star.apple it have
‘Every vulture has a star apple.’
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