Difference between revisions of "Verbal Elements"

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= Cognate Objects =
== COs are true arguments of their predicate ==
This is shown by runing tests on the distinction between adjuncts and arguments. One
of these tests is the ’do so test’ It shows that in an example like (1), the noun ’dance’ is
an argument of the verb ’dance’ because ’do so’ functions as a proform for V’: “when do
so is used as a substitute, it must stand for the verb and all its arguments”, (Macfarland
1995:104).
# Examples
'''(1)'''
'''(1a)'''
{| {{table}}
| ū || t(a) || ídō || (u)jɔ̀ || ókō || úbī || mī || ǒchálà || ŋʷɔ̀ || tʃ(e) || ǎlɛ̄ || gɛ
|-
| 1SG || dance(V) || dance(N) || cheerful || farm || back || my || Ochala || and || do || so/same || again
|-
| 'I danced a cheerful dance in my garden and Ochala did so too.' || 
|-
|}
'''(1b)'''
{| {{table}}
| *u || t(a) || ído || (u)jɔ || oko || ubi || mi || Ochala || ŋʷɔ || tʃ(e) || alɛ || ɛdo || dudu/ɛdo || ɛkpabjɛ
|-
| 1SG || dance(V) || dance(N)|| cheerful || farm || back || my || Ochala || and || do || so/same || sad
|-
| Intended: I danced a cheerful dance in the garden and Ochala did so a sad dance. ||
|}
== COs can be modified, including in relative clauses ==
'''(2)'''
{| {{table}}
| u || t(a) || ido || k(i) || a || tʃ(e) || ujɔ
|-
| 1SG || dance(V) || dance(N) || C || IMPF || COP1 || cheerful/joy
|-
| ‘I danced a cheerful dance’ ||
|}
== COs in Igala only occur with unergative verbs, and not with unaccusatives ==
= fV marker =
# it shows up only with transitive verbs;
## it has a meaning similar to perfective;
## it is incompatible with negation;
## it is incompatible with A′
### extraction of any kind (questions, relative clauses);
## it is in complementary distribution with another marker, mV.
=tʃɛ/tʃe=
The morphemes ''tʃɛ'' and ''tʃe'' appear as verbal elements in Igala. ''tʃɛ'' adds the meaning that something has already been done to a sentence.
{| {{table}}
|ū
|gbɔ̋
|kàkīnī
|ɛ̀
|tʃɛ̀
|wā
|mɛ̂
|-
|1SG
|hear
|C
|2SG
|already
|come
|now
|-
|colspan="7"|‘I heard that you have already come' (D:225).
|}
The morpheme ''tʃe'' is a copular element translated as do/does.
{| {{table}}
|ido
|e
|ta
|tʃe
|ɛŋʷu
|ɔla
|mi
|-
|dance(N)
|NMLZ
|dance(V)
|do
|thing
|body
|1SG.OBJ
|-
|colspan="7"|‘Dancing is my favorite thing (to do)' (D:193).
|}
In certain cases ''tʃ(e)'' seems to note additional emphasis in a situation.
{| {{table}}
|i
|tʃe
|uwɛ
|dʒɛ
|ɔda
|lɛ
|i
|n
|:
|-
|3SG.NEG
|do.EMPH
|2SG.STR
|eat
|pear
|DEF.DIST
|EMPH
|NEG.SFP
|?
|-
|colspan="9"|‘Are you not the one who ate the pear?’(D:?).
|}

Latest revision as of 11:34, 28 February 2022

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